In a medium bowl, combine graham cracker crumbs, melted butter, sugar, and cinnamon. Mix until the texture resembles wet sand.
Press the mixture firmly into the bottom of a 9-inch springform pan, using the bottom of a measuring cup to create a compact, even layer. Extend the crust about 1 inch up the sides of the pan. Place in the refrigerator while preparing the filling.
In a large bowl, beat the softened cream cheese with an electric mixer until completely smooth and fluffy (approximately 2 minutes). Add the granulated sugar and vanilla extract, continuing to beat until fully incorporated.
In a separate bowl, beat the heavy cream and powdered sugar until stiff peaks form. Gently fold the whipped cream into the cream cheese mixture using a spatula, maintaining as much air as possible.
In a large skillet over medium heat, melt the butter. Add diced apples, brown sugar, cinnamon, nutmeg, and salt. Cook for 8-10 minutes, stirring occasionally, until apples are tender but still hold their shape. Remove from heat and allow to cool completely.
Spread half of the cheesecake filling over the chilled crust, creating an even layer. Spoon half of the cooled apple mixture over the cheesecake layer, distributing evenly.
Follow with remaining cheesecake filling, then top with the remaining apple mixture. For visual appeal, arrange the top layer of apples in a circular pattern, working from the outside in.
Drizzle half of the caramel sauce over the top of the cheesecake, reserving the rest for serving. If using nuts, sprinkle them around the edge.
Cover the cheesecake with plastic wrap and refrigerate for at least 4 hours, preferably overnight.
When ready to serve, remove from refrigerator 15-20 minutes beforehand. Run a knife around the edge of the springform pan before releasing, then slice and serve with additional caramel sauce.